B1 - Lesson 18
Part 1 : Video Lesson & Transcript
Part : Listening & Reading comprehension
Part 3 : Use of English
Part 4 : Grammar lesson
Part 5 : Writing an essay & corrections
Part 6 : Speaking, interaction, & explanations.
INSTRUCTIONS
Please make sure you unfold each content for each part of the lesson. Merci de déplier chaque contenu pour chaque partie de cette leçon.
LINKS TO GRAMMAR BOOKS :
PART 1 : VIDEO BASED LESSON & TRANSCRIPT
See instructions beneath the video.
VIDEO : CLICK ON THE PICTURE
What happens when biology becomes technology
In 1884, an unlucky patient who had a rapidly growing cancer in his neck came down with an unrelated bacterial skin infection. As he recovered from the infection, the cancer surprisingly began to recede. The infection had stimulated the patient's immune system. Today, synthetic biologists program bacteria to safely deliver drugs directly to tumors. How is this possible? Tal Danino investigates. [Directed by Chris Bishop, narrated by Addison Anderson].
VIDEO : EXERCISE
INSTRUCTIONS TO WORK ON THE VIDEO :
1) Listen to the video without reading the text / transcript
2) Then Listen to the video again reading the transcript as you listen.
3) Then listen to the video again without reading the transcript.
VIDEO TRANSCRIPT
In 1884, a patient’s luck seemed to go from bad to worse. This patient had a rapidly growing cancer in his neck, and then came down with an unrelated bacterial skin infection. But soon, something unexpected happened: as he recovered from the infection, the cancer also began to recede. When a physician named William Coley tracked the patient down 7 years later, no visible signs of the cancer remained. Coley believed something remarkable was happening: that the bacterial infection had stimulated the patient’s immune system to fight off the cancer.
However, some bacteria like E. coli have the unique advantage of being able to selectively grow inside tumors. In fact, the core of a tumor forms an ideal environment where they can safely multiply, hidden from immune cells. Instead of causing infection, bacteria can be reprogrammed to carry cancer-fighting drugs, acting as Trojan Horses that target the tumor from within. This idea of programming bacteria to sense and respond in novel ways is a major focus of a field called Synthetic Biology.
But how can bacteria be programmed? The key lies in manipulating their DNA. By inserting particular genetic sequences into bacteria, they can be instructed to synthesize different molecules, including those that disrupt cancer growth. They can also be made to behave in very specific ways with the help of biological circuits. These program different behaviors depending on the presence, absence, or combination of certain factors. For example, tumors have low oxygen and pH levels and over-produce specific molecules. Synthetic biologists can program bacteria to sense those conditions, and by doing so, respond to tumors while avoiding healthy tissue.
One type of biological circuit, known as a synchronized lysis circuit, or SLC, allows bacteria to not only deliver medicine, but to do so on a set schedule. First, to avoid harming healthy tissue, production of anti-cancer drugs begins as bacteria grow, which only happens within the tumor itself. Next, after they’ve produced the drugs, a kill-switch causes the bacteria to burst when they reach a critical population threshold. This both releases the medicine and decreases the bacteria’s population. However, a certain percentage of the bacteria remain alive to replenish the colony. Eventually their numbers grow large enough to trigger the kill switch again, and the cycle continues. This circuit can be fine-tuned to deliver drugs on whatever periodic schedule is best to fight the cancer.
This approach has proven promising in scientific trials using mice. Not only were scientists able to successfully eliminate lymphoma tumors injected with bacteria, but the injection also stimulated the immune system, priming immune cells to identify and attack untreated lymphomas elsewhere in the mouse.
Unlike many other therapies, bacteria don’t target a specific type of cancer, but rather the general characteristics shared by all solid tumors. Nor are programmable bacteria limited to simply fighting cancer. Instead, they can serve as sophisticated sensors that monitor sites of future disease. Safe probiotic bacteria could perhaps lie dormant within our guts, where they’d detect, prevent, and treat disorders before they have the chance to cause symptoms.
Advances in technology have created excitement around a future of personalized medicine driven by mechanical nanobots. But thanks to billions of years of evolution we may already have a starting point in the unexpectedly biological form of bacteria. Add synthetic biology to the mix, and who knows what might soon be possible.
PART 2 : COMPREHENSION
- Listen to the video and answer all questions below without reading the transcript /text of the video.
- Then read the transcript of the video and check your answers, before looking at the corrections.
LISTENING & READING COMPREHENSION
Questions: According to the video, are the following statements true or false?Explain Why?
- The Hassenfeld brother's fled to America from the Czech republic.
- Most of the asylum seekers who arrive at the U.S Southern border come from Central America.
- Refugees arriving from Central American countries is a new phenomenon.
- The USA had nothing to do with refugee crises in the 1980s
- Asylum seeking at the southern border of the USA is at a historical high.
- People from the destination country tend to have a nuanced and balanced attitude to asylum seeking.
- The USA is settling more refugees than ever before.
- Seeking asylum is easier than ever.
- USA border guards are routinely breaking the law.
- The US government has recently detained 3000 children.
- Melanie Nezer has no personal connection the issue of refugees.
- There isn't very much support for refugees in the American public.
ANSWERS
- False. They fled from Poland.
- True. Guatemala Honduras and El Salvador
- False. People have been fleeing Central American countries for generations.
- False. The USA was heavily involved in Civil Wars in these countries which caused many people to seek refuge in the USA
- False. “ this is not a historically high level of interceptions at the southern border”
- False. They tend to think in absolute terms of “legal” and “illegal”
- False. The USA is settling fewer refugees since the program began in 1980.
- False. It has never been more difficult.
- True. Telling people at the border that they cannot apply for asylum is illegal.
- True.
- False. Her grandparents were refugees
- False. Polls show that support has never been higher.
PART 3 : USE OF ENGLISH
USE OF ENGLISH
Look at this sentence from the video:
“Last year, the US resettled fewer refugees than at any time since the program began in 1980”
Why does the speaker use “fewer” instead of “less”?
Less/Fewer
If we want to say that there is a smaller quantity of something than the quantity of something else, we can use less or fewer. We use less with uncountable nouns, such as lemonade. We use fewer with countable nouns, such as bottle.
Compare:
“ John drinks less lemonade than me.”
“ John drank fewer bottles of lemonade than me.”
Exercise: complete the gaps in the sentences with “less” or “fewer”
1.I have …..........hair than Jonathan.
2.There are.............................people here than last Summer
3.You should drink...............................wine.
4.You wouldn't be so fat if you ate........................food.
5.…........................men wear hats now than in the 1950s.
6.I saw................................live music this year.
7. I went to …......................concerts in the 1960s.
CORRECTIONS
Exercise.
- Less
- Fewer
- Less
- Less
- Fewer
- Less
- Fewer
TRADUCTION
Traduire les phrases suivantes en anglais, issues du texte, puis retrouver ces phrases dans le texte en anglais:
1.Soyons franc, c'est la langue d'internet, la langue de la finance, la langue du traffic aérien, de la music populaire, de la diplomacie - l'Anglais est partout.
2. Aux dernieres nouvelles, il y a deux douzaines d'univerité en Chine qui enseignent l'anglais.
PART 4 : GRAMMAR
LESSON
Essential Grammar in use p 236-237
Unit 114 he people we met the hotel you stayed at
(relative clauses 2)
EXERCISES
Make one sentence from two
- (Ann took some photograph
CORRECTIONS
- The man who phoned didn't give his name.
- The woman who opened the door was wearing a yellow dress.
- Most of the students who took the exam passed.
- The policeman who stopped our car wasn't very friendly.
PART 5 : WRITING
VOCABULARY
suffering noun- physical or mental pain
pervasive adjective- present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place. Widespread.
flip-flops noun- a type of open shoe with a strap between the big toe and the adjacent toe
to panic verb- to become so frightened that you cannot think or behave rationally
compassion noun-a strong feeling of sadness and sympathy for the suffering of others and the desire to help them.
pragmatism noun-dealing with a problem in a sensible, realistic way
toxic adjective- very unpleasant and unacceptable
unprecedented adjective never having happened or existed in the past. Without precedent.
deterrent noun Something that deters or stops people from doing something.
WRITING
Peseshet is a doctor and a teacher. The video describes a typical day of her life.
Now it is you turn. Write a text :
- Present yourself.
- Describe your profession.
- Tell what you did to get this job.
- Describe a typical day of your life : what usually happens when you are at work?
CORRECTION
You can book a one to one class with a teacher who will correct your writing exercise. One to one classes can be online, with a video call, anytime of the day.
This gives you full flexibility for your timetable.
Please send us an email at afterschool at afterschoollyon.com.
PART 6 : SPEAKING
SPEAKING
You can book a one to one class with a teacher for the speaking. One to one classes can be online, with a video call, anytime of the day.
This gives you full flexibility for your timetable.
Please send us an email at afterschool at afterschoollyon.com.
Our online classes range from A1 to C2 levels, including specific class contents and online video classes. They are designed to improve communication of spoken and written English with learner-centred lessons which help build students’ confidence, accuracy and fluency.
Our online learning classes offer an extensive level of flexibility for individual students, with comprehensive syllabus and content.